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- $Unique_ID{BRK04106}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency}
- $Subject{Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency PGK Phosphoglycerokinase Anemia
- Hemolytic Erythrocyte Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency Anemia Hemolytic Warm
- Antibody Anemia Hemolytic Acquired Autoimmune Anemia Sideroblastic Anemia
- Aplastic}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 914:
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Phosphoglycerate
- Kinase Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM
- listing to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- PGK
- Phosphoglycerokinase
- Anemia, Hemolytic
- Erythrocyte Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Warm Antibody
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired Autoimmune
- Anemia, Sideroblastic
- Anemia, Aplastic
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency is an extremely rare X-linked genetic
- metabolic disorder. Major symptoms may include chronic anemia, neurologic
- impairment and muscle problems.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency affects males severely. However, one
- female demonstrated only anemia. Males may have mild to severe neurologic
- dysfunction including possible mental retardation, paralysis, seizures and/or
- movement disorders. They may also have behavioral problems, severe anemia
- and may even lapse into coma during a crisis. Muscles may be painful and
- there may be breakdown of muscle tissue with the passing of red-brown urine.
- Weakness, fatigue, and difficulty in exercising may also occur.
-
- Causes
-
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency causes an instability in the red blood
- cells and neurological problems. This genetic disorder is an X-linked inborn
- error of metabolism. The gene is on the long arm of the X chromosome at
- Xq13.
-
- Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. X-linked recessive disorders are conditions which are coded on the X
- chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, but males have one X chromosome
- and one Y chromosome. Therefore, in females, disease traits on the X
- chromosome can be masked by the normal gene on the other X chromosome. Since
- males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene for a disease
- present on the X, it will be expressed. Men with X-linked disorders transmit
- the gene to all their daughters, who are carriers, but never to their sons.
- Women who are carriers of an X-linked disorder have a fifty percent risk of
- transmitting the carrier condition to their daughters, and a fifty percent
- risk of transmitting the disease to their sons.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency is a very rare disorder that affects both
- males and females. Males have a more serious form of the disorder. The
- disorder can be diagnosed at birth when enzymatic testing is done. Only
- approximately 12 persons with PGK deficiency have been noted in the medical
- literature. A large Chinese family of several generations has been studied
- and other persons of other nationalities have also participated in genetic
- studies of the disorder. There may be more people affected but symptoms can
- be so minor as to go undiagnosed.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency. Comparisons may be useful for a
- differential diagnosis:
-
- Warm Antibody Hemolytic Anemia is an autoimmune disorder characterized by
- the premature destruction of red blood cells by the body's natural defenses
- against invading organisms (antibodies). The severity of the anemia is
- determined by the amount of time the red blood cells survive. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Warm Antibody, Hemolytic Anemia" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia is an autoimmune disorder
- characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells. It occurs in
- individuals who previously had a normal red blood cell system. The disorder
- commonly occurs as the result of, or in conjunction with some other medical
- condition. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Acquired
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Sideroblastic Anemia is a blood disorder characterized by an impaired
- ability of the bone marrow to produce normal red blood cells. It is
- characterized by general weakness, fatigue and difficulty breathing. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Sideroblastic Anemia" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Aplastic Anemia is characterized by bone marrow failure. The disorder
- may occur for unknown reasons (idiopathic) or it may be the result of a toxic
- reaction to radiation, certain drugs, or chemicals. The patient may first
- become aware of the disease by the progressive onset of weakness, fatigue,
- and lassitude. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Aplastic
- Anemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency may consist of iron
- supplements and blood transfusions when needed. The disorder is apparent at
- birth when enzymatic testing of the blood is done. The avoidance of
- strenuous exercise when evidence that muscle breakdown has taken place is
- very important and special care is needed during neurologic crisis to avoid
- life-threatening situations.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Research on inborn errors of metabolism is ongoing. Scientists are studying
- the causes of these disorders and trying to design enzyme replacement
- therapies that will return a missing enzyme to the body.
-
- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome
- Project which is aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning
- why they sometimes malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will
- lead to prevention and treatment of hereditary disorders in the future.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- May 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
- Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Road
- Crewe CW1 1XN, England
- (0270) 250244
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 9th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1990. Pp. 1422, 1704.
-
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 6th Ed.: Charles R. Scriver, et
- al., Editors; McGraw Hill, 1989. P. 2351.
-
- HEMATOLOGY, 4th Ed,: William J. Williams, et al,; Editors; McGraw-Hill,
- Inc., P. 359.
-
- BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
- Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. P. 127.
-
- X-LINKED SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA AND ATAXIA: LINKAGE TO PHOSPHOGLYCERATE
- KINASE AT Xq13., W.H. Raskind, et al.; Am J Hum Genet, February, 1991, (issue
- 48 (2)). Pp. 335-341.
-
- CLONALITY IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS: ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF THE
- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION., D.G. Gilliland, et al.; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,
- August 1, 1991, (issue 88 (15)). Pp. 6848-6852.
-
- RED CELL ENZYMOPATHIES OF THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY., K.R. Tanaka, et al.;
- Semin Hematol, April, 1990, (issue 27 (2)). Pp. 165-185.
-
-